History of Bolts or Screws and Their Utilizations
The origin of screws began with the invention of a water-moving machine, and then screws were subsequently used. The utilization of screws is also applied in other fields such as drilling and material handling.
Screw is considered one of the simple technologies ever invented from a machine known as screw machine. Bolts/screws were invented during times in ancient Egypt and Greece. Greek people credited the philosopher Archytas of Tarrentum as the inventor of screws. However, Archimedes was given the credit as the inventor due to his creation of the Archimedes Screw Water Pump, around 234 BC.”
As the screw machine was complicated from the manufactures, screws were only used as connectors in few machinaries. Bolts/screws that are recognized in these days were began to be used 15 centuries. Screws were also applied in drilling and material handling (besides water) during that era. The theory of simple machines was later perfected by the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei in the 1600s.
Historical Buildings with a Large Number of Screws
Cristal Palace and World Expo is a huge historical building built in 1851 in London. It was the first categorically large building that use steels and glasses. The building is a masterpiece in the world of architecture in 19th century England. It was constructed with 4,500 tons of iron and 300,000 pieces of glass. This three-story building measures 563 meters in length and 138 meters in width. It is supported by 3,300 cylindrical pipes and 2,300 iron beams for its main structure. The building can accommodate 10,000 people simultaneously. Hundreds of glasses and thousands of steels and metal are connected with high-tensile fasteners at which they were purposely used to establish rigid structure, anti-vibrations, and strong structure mechanism.
Fasteners in Bicycle
Usually there are roughly 50 bolts in a bicycle that use allen wrench. Germany is one of the largest manufacturers in this industry. Bicycle comprises of various kinds of bolts to sustain each other form vibrations, which the bolts loosened over time. A proper application of bolts can maintain bicycle and its parts’ durabilities connected by bolts. The use of a torque wrench is also beneficial for providing the appropriate torque to bolts, ensuring they are neither too tight nor too loose.
Fasteners in automotive industry It can be found around 200 fasteners of various kinds in a car with a weight of approximately 50kg. It may take 2.5 to 3.2 hours to secure each bolt in every car. The quality of fasteners will heavily determine the balance between thousands of other parts. The wholeness of the parts to remain connected and the frame/chassis consisting of several beams are also influenced by the bolts that join them. Constant vibrations from the car and changing weathers must be minimalized by the presence of fasteners throughout the vehicle.
Fasteners in Eiffle Tower
In 1887, the construction of the Eiffel Tower began, and it was later inaugurated in 1889 (in a construction period of 21 months). Architect Gustave Eiffel designed the Eiffel Tower with a framework made of small-sized metal components joined together with fasteners. This tower, standing at a height of 324 meters, was built using 2.5 million rivets, 12,000 metal plates, and a total of 7,000 tons of steel.
Fasteners in aircraft
Fasteners also play a crucial role in aircraft. There are roughly 1.8 million of bolts and nuts in Boeing 767 and 500 thousand of bolts and titanium nuts in Boeing 787. Flight International Show suggests that the cost of fasteners takes only 1.5% out of the total production cost of an aircraft. However, this small portion of cost can become crucial if the supply chain is disrupted or if the quality of fasteners does not meet the standards. Passenger safety is at stake, and the costs for companies like Boeing and Airbus can significantly increase due to delays in fasteners.
Sumber: TFS18
https://www.bicycling.com/maintenance/bicycle-maintenance/bike-repair-fasteners
